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STUDIES
ON THE Katipunan |
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Notes on Kalayaan, the
Katipunan paper Jim Richardson November 2005 |
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Introduction The rapid growth of the Katipunan in the months immediately prior
to August 1896 is often attributed in large part to the circulation of the
first and only issue of its paper, Kalayaan. Unfortunately, no copy of the paper has yet
been located, and with three signal exceptions – the poem “Pagibig sa
Tinubuang Bayan” and the articles “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” and
“Pahayag” – its incendiary contents are little known. This piece recapitulates what has been written so far about
the paper; details (in the endnotes) where various versions of items from Kalayaan
have been published to date; and reproduces, for the first time, Tagalog
versions (with English translations) of a substantial section of its lead
editorial - “Sa mga Kababayan” - and an article entitled “Katuiran din
naman!” It also reproduces a Tagalog
version of “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan” that differs (though not greatly)
from those published hitherto. Sources
Except where specified otherwise, the information on Kalayaan
in this piece is derived from six key sources: (i) Wenceslao E. Retana (comp.),
Archivo del bibliófilo filipino, vol.III (Madrid: Imprenta de
la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Rios, 1897); pp.132-48; (ii) Manuel Artigas y
Cuerva, Andrés Bonifacio
y el “Katipunan” (Manila: Libreria “Manila Filatelica”, 1911); (iii) Epifanio de los Santos, “Andrés Bonifacio” [in
Spanish], Revista Filipina, II:11 (November 1917), pp.59-82, which was
translated into English by Gregorio Nieva and published in Philippine Review, III:1-2
(January-February 1918), pp.34-58; (iv) Epifanio de los Santos, “Emilio Jacinto”, Philippine
Review, III:6 (June 1918), pp.412-30; (v) José P. Santos, Si Andres
Bonifacio at ang Himagsikan (Manila: n.pub, 1935); and (vi) the various
recollections of Pio Valenzuela, especially his “Memoirs” (translated by Luis
Serrano from an unpublished manuscript in Tagalog (c.1914) and reproduced as
Appendix A in Minutes of the Katipunan (Manila: National Heroes
Commission, 1964), pp.91-109, and his conversations with Teodoro A. Agoncillo
for the latter’s The Revolt of the Masses: the story of Bonifacio and the
Katipunan (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1956). Production of the paper Prior to 1896, it seems,
the Katipunan did not publish any propaganda materials. The association apparently did have a
printing press[1],
but its capacity was low, and the extensive or protracted use of any other
press, it may be presumed, was feared to run too high a risk of betrayal and
discovery. A few documents, such as
membership forms and the sheets bearing the questions initiates had to answer
(“¿Ano ang kalagayan nitong Katagalugan nang unang
panahun?”, etc.) were reportedly printed clandestinely on the presses of the
Spanish daily Diario de Manila, but these were small in size and
limited in quantity. In 1895, however,
a press was purchased for the Katipunan by two members from Kalibo, Francisco
del Castillo and Candido Iban, who had recently returned to the After making these arrangements,
however, Valenzuela very soon decided that he “had no time to take charge of
the printing” because of his commitments as a physician and a Katipunan
organizer. Nor, apparently, did he
retain much of his “directing” role.
Responsibility both for producing and for editing Kalayaan then
passed to Emilio Jacinto, who went to the house on Lavezares after his
pre-law classes at the Universidad de Santo Tómas. On the production side, the main problem
was a shortage of type. Wishing to
compose the paper in accord with the new Tagalog orthography that disdainful
Spaniards called “Germanized” (“alemanizada”), the printers lacked in
particular the letters “k” and “w”, and also “h”, “y” and the common
vowels. Jacinto was obliged to ask his
mother, Josefa Dizon, for P20 so that he could buy type from Isabelo de los
Reyes, who owned a printing press, and Valenzuela bought and begged some more
from employees of the press of the Diario de Manila. Even then, Valenzuela recalls, there was
only enough type to set one page at a time, and the laborious process of
setting all eight pages took two months to complete. Though dated January 1896 on its masthead,
the paper did not finally appear until about the middle of March. Valenzuela states that
2,000 copies were printed, but Epifanio de los Significance Prior to the paper
coming out, Valenzuela remarks, the Katipunan’s membership had reached only
about 300 in four years, but after Kalayaan began to circulate the
association attracted new thousands of new adherents. By the outbreak of the revolution in August
1896, he estimates, it had 20,000 or even 30,000 members.[2] Nobody knew the exact membership figures, of course, and nobody today can
weigh the impact of Kalayaan against other eventualities that added to
the gathering momentum of the Katipunan in the early months of 1896 – more
vigorous and open recruitment; more frequent meetings in Manila and beyond;
and the consequent fact that the Spanish authorities, well before the
“discovery” of the association by Padre Mariano Gil of Tondo in mid-August, had
tightened their surveillance and persecution of suspected “filibusteros” and
thereby provoked a further escalation of bitterness and anger. The crackdown, it is said, led Bonifacio to
warn branch leaders as early as May that the KKK’s secrecy had been broken,
and that the association now found itself like a pregnant woman forced by
circumstances to deliver before her time was due.[3] But whatever the true measure of Kalayaan’s contribution to this
swelling tide of events, the paper has its own intrinsic importance. Not only was it the first publication of
the Katipunan prior to August 1896, it was also the last. Produced and circulated on the brink of
the revolution, its pages, and its pages alone, carried in print the message
of liberty the three top-ranking leaders of the Katipunan – Bonifacio,
Jacinto and Valenzuela – wanted the bayan to hear and to heed. Physical appearance Judging from Valenzuela’s recollections, the pages of Kalayaan
measured about 9 inches across and 12 inches tall, slightly larger than the
A4 paper size of today. As just
mentioned, his memoirs state unequivocally that there were eight pages. In a contemporary article in Heraldo de
Madrid, Wenceslao Retana indicates there were thirty-two pages, but given the
length of the known contributions this seems most unlikely.[4] It might be speculated that Retana had not
seen the paper himself, but had deduced from despatches from Most of the text was in font size 12, with a lesser amount in
size 10. Contents Title: Pio Valenzuela
claims it was he who chose the title Kalayaan. This term had only gained currency in a
political context since Marcelo H. del Pilar employed it to render the
Spanish word “libertad” when he translated José Rizal’s essay “El Amor
Patrio” for the Manila paper Diariong
Tagalog in 1882.[5] Rizal himself had subsequently used
“kalayaan” to render the French “liberté” when he translated the “Declaration
of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”, the famous document approved by the
National Assembly of France in August 1789.[6] Masthead: Printed in
Tagalog beneath the banner title, in a smaller typeface, was the following:- “Issued at the end of each month. Year 1 – Subscription price – half a peso for three months. To be paid in advance. If purchased, 2 reales per issue. Submissions must be signed by their authors. The news, as far as it can be told.” Pio Valenzuela claims credit, too, for The price for copies bought
individually – 2 reales – was equivalent to 25 centavos. Readers who paid in advance for three
months, it was intended, should get a fifty per cent discount. Articles
I. Lead editorial - “Sa mga Kababayan” [Unsigned][7]
Attributed by Artigas y Cuerva to Andrés Bonifacio and Pio
Valenzuela, but attributed by Valenzuela himself to Emilio Jacinto. “I
wrote the first editorial and handed it to Emilio Jacinto for publication in
the first issue”, Valenzuela writes, [but when] he “showed me the proof of
the first page [I saw to my surprise] that the printed editorial was not the
one I had given him but another by Marcelo H. del Pilar in La Solidaridad,”
the organ of the propaganda movement in Spain that had ceased publication in
1895. This editorial, Valenzuela
continues, “was translated into Tagalog by Jacinto, and was much better than
the one I had prepared. I told Jacinto
that I almost believed that the real editor of [Kalayaan] was Del
Pilar himself. There were various Bulaqueños
who knew the Tagalog of Del Pilar, and they declared the language used by
Jacinto in his translation resembled Del Pilar’s perfectly.” In his conversations many years later with
Agoncillo, Valenzuela varied this account slightly, recollecting that Jacinto
based “Sa mga Kababayan” not on a single editorial by Del Pilar but on
extracts from more than one. In the piece, “Del
Pilar” sends his salutations, laments that A draft of the first two-thirds of this editorial (with an
English translation) is reproduced below as Document A. The remaining three paragraphs have not yet
been located in Tagalog, but to give at least an indication of how the piece
concluded they are translated into English here from the Spanish translation
published by Retana in 1897. II. “Pahayag” [signed Dimas Alan] [8] Attributed by Pio Valenzuela to Emilio Jacinto. A patriotic youth describes the misfortunes
of his country to an apparition of Valenzuela recollects that in writing the piece Jacinto took
inspiration from a book called Las Ruinas de Palmira. This was a Spanish edition of Les
Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires by the French philosophe
Constantin-François de Volney.
Published in 1791, Volney’s work became a late Enlightenment classic,
and in various translations remained influential throughout the 19th
century. It made a great impression on
Abraham Lincoln, and Andrés Bonifacio reportedly had a personal copy that he
donated to the Katipunan’s small library.
Aside from reflecting upon the pretensions and transience of empires,
Volney’s discourse affirms the equality of men before the law, advocates the
overthrow of tyranny, and argues that in matters of religion the truth cannot
be known beyond the law of nature, by which God governs the universe. III. “¿Katuiran din naman?” [signed
Madlangaway] Attributed by Pio Valenzuela to himself. It relates “the cruelty perpetrated by the priest of A draft of this article (with an English translation) is
reproduced below as Document B. IV. “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog”
[signed Agap-Ito Bagum-bayan] [9] Attributed by Artigas y Cuerva and Pio Valenzuela to Andrés
Bonifacio. The Tagalogs, this well known
work declares, have supported and sustained “the race of Legazpi” for 300
years, but have been rewarded with treachery, “false beliefs” and
dishonour. “To eyes long blind”, the
light of reason has now unveiled this harsh injustice and revealed the separate,
self-reliant road the Tagalogs must take. V. “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”
[signed A.B. or A.I.B.][10] Attributed by
Pio Valenzuela to Andrés Bonifacio.
This celebrated paean to patriotism calls upon the people to rise up
and rescue the unhappy motherland from her torment. A draft of this poem is reproduced below as Document C. VI. “Balita” [Unsigned] Described by
Teodoro Agoncillo as “a sprinkling of news items”; the text
is yet to be located. VII. Other articles?
In his Archivo, Retana lists only the six items listed
above. In his article in the Spanish
daily Heraldo de Madrid, however, he seems to allude to two further
pieces. One contribution to Kalayaan,
he writes, condemns the religious
ideas taught by the friars as nothing but myths, and the churches as places
of idolatry and greed. Another piece,
says Retana, salutes the Cuban revolt against Texts The Tagalog versions of “Sa
mga Kababayan”, “Katuiran din naman!” and “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”
reproduced below have been transcribed (with difficulty) from three separate
handwritten documents. In each case,
it appears that the handwriting is not that of the person to whom the piece
is most commonly ascribed. “Sa mga
Kababayan”, usually attributed to Emilio Jacinto, is identified in a file
note as being in the handwriting of Andrés Bonifacio. Conversely, a note on the front page of
“Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”, which is usually attributed to Andres Bonifacio,
indicates that the text is in the handwriting of Emilio Jacinto. Signed by sometime KKK Supreme Council
member Valentin Diaz, the note reads “Letra de Emilio Jacinto segun
manifiesta Aguedo del Rosario” – Aguedo del Rosario being another KKK
Supreme Council member. Both these
identifications are seemingly corroborated if the documents are compared with
others known to have been penned by Bonifacio and Jacinto. “Katuiran din naman!”, meanwhile, which
Valenzuela claims to have authored, also appears to be in Jacinto’s
handwriting. But the identities of the
respective penmen, of course, do not necessarily correspond with the
identities of the respective authors.
The editorial “Sa mga Kababayan” is unsigned, but beneath “Katuiran
din naman!” appears the pseudonym “Madlangaway”, which Valenzuela said was
his, and beneath the poem are the initials “A.B.”, suggesting Andrés
Bonifacio. It is entirely plausible
that the texts were copied, one by Bonifacio and two by Jacinto, whilst Kalayaan
was being prepared for for publication, perhaps for editing purposes and
perhaps to make them more legible for the printers. It is unlikely that these
versions are either the ‘original’ first drafts or the “final” texts that
actually appeared in print. Most
probably, in other words, there were earlier drafts, and almost certainly
there were later amendments. What can
be said, however, is that the Tagalog version of “Sa mga Kababayan”
reproduced below does correspond very substantially with the Spanish translation
published by Retana in 1897, and that the Tagalog version of “Pagibig sa
Tinubuang Bayan” does correspond substantially with the Tagalog version first
published by José P. Santos in 1935.
Since the text of “Katuiran din naman!” has not previously been
published in any language, we have no basis for comparison. The version of “Pagibig
sa Tinubuang Bayan” therefore enables a little more to be said in response to
the questions raised by Glenn May in Inventing
a Hero. In that book, May calls into serious doubt
the scholarship of José P. Santos, and specifically questions the provenance
of “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”, “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” and other
texts whose authorship It is now clear that the
Tagalog text of “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan” published by The original Tagalog texts
bear accents in accordance with the conventions of the time, but these have
been omitted here due to the difficulties of rendering them in electronic
format, particularly the double-width tilde over the word and sound “ng”. Examples of other diacritics consistently
employed by Bonifacio and Jacinto include acute accents over the second “a”
in words like “anak” and “agad”; circumflexes over the “i” in “di”;
and grave accents over the “o” in words like “puso” and “hibo”. Words that are difficult to decipher are
followed by a question mark in square brackets – [?] – and round brackets – (!!) – are as found in the
originals. Paragraph and verse
numbers do not appear in the originals, and have been inserted simply to
facilitate comparison between the Tagalog and English texts of the two
articles and, in the case of “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”, comparison with
other versions. Document A[14]
Sa mga Kababayan
1. Buhat dito sa kabila ng malawak na dagat, sa
sinapupunan at pagkakandili ng ibang lupa at ibang mga kautusan, sa inyo mga kababayan
ang tungo ng aming unang bati, ang kaunaunahang salita na iguhit ng aming
kamay, ang unang himutok na pumulas sa aming dibdib, ang unang pag bigkas ng
aming mga labi…sa lahat ay sa inyo. 2. Inyo ngang tangapin, at masarapin tunay ng inyong
kalooban, sa pagkat nagbubuhat sa tapat naming puso, na wala nang iba pang
itinitibok kung di isang matinding pag ibig sa tinubuang Bayan at tunay na
pag daramdam sa pagkaapi at inaabot nyang kadustaan. 3. Kapagkarakang narinig ng aming mga tainga ang
inyong mga pag daing, kapagkarakang mapag malas ng aming mga mata ang inyong
pagkaaping walang makatulad at mabangis na kahirapan, agad nang nukal na kusa
sa aming kalooban ang isang banal at dakilang nasa, na kayo’y maibangon sa
pagkalugmok at pukawin ang inyong puso sa pagkahimbing at malusong
pagkagupiling o maampat kaya ang matinding dagok ng sakit at kalumbayang
inyong tinitiis. 4. Tunay na kami ay umasa din, gaya ng makapal na
mga kababayan na nagakala na ang inang Espana ay siyang tanging may
karapatang mag bigay ng kaginhawahan nitong Katagalugan. Nguni’t ang panahung lumipas, ang patung
patung na pag ulol ang walang pangitang silo ng daya na sa aking isinumang,
ang mga pangakung hindi tinutupad, ay siyang omuntag [?] sa aming payapang at katiwalang kalooban at
nag pakilalang tayo’y siyang gumawa at may yaman at umiasa’t antain sa ating
lakas na sarili ikabubuhay. 5. ¿Ano
pa ang inaantay at hinahangad? Tatlong daang taung mahigit na pag titiis
sa bigat ng pamatok ng pagkaalipin, malaung panahung wala tayong ginawa
kungdi ang lumuhogluhog at humingi sa kanila ng kahit gabuhit na pag lingap
at kaunting paglingon, gayon ma’y ¿ano ang nakikita nating
isinasagut at iginaganti sa ating pag mamakaawa? Wala kung di ang tayo’y itapun isadlak sa
lalung kamatayan. 6. Pitong taung walang tigil na ang “La Solidaridad”
ay kusang nagpumilit na iniubos ang buong lakas niya, upang tamuhin natin ang
mga matamo ng kaunting karapatan sa kabuhayan ng tao, at ¿ano ang inabot niyang pala sa mga pagud at panahung ginugol? Pangako, daya, alipusta at mapait na
pagkamatay...... 7. Ngayong hapu na ang ating nag taas na kamay sa
laging pag luhog; ngayong na namamaus na’t unti unting na wala ang sigaw ng
ating mapanghan na tingig sa laging pag daing, ngayong inaagaw na halus ang
ating hininga sa bangis ng hirap, aming itinayu ang yukong ulong a gawi na sa
pag suko, at kumuhang lakas sa matibay na pananalig namin sa tunay na
katuiran, na maimulat ang kaisipan ng aming mga kababayan at maipakitang
malinaw sa kanila na ang salitang Inang Espana ay isang pag limang at
hibo lamang, na maitutulad, sa basahang pangbalut sa tanikalang kaladkad;
walang ina’t walang anak; wala kung di isang lahing lumulupig at isang lahing
palulupig, isang bayang nagtatamasa at nabubusog sa di niya pagud at isang
bayang nagpapagud sa di niya pinakikinabangan at ikinabubusog. To the Compatriots
1. From here on the other
side of the wide ocean, under the bosom and protection of another land and
other laws, to you, compatriots, is sent our first greeting, the first word
written by our hand, the first sigh that leaves our breast, the first
enunciation, too, of our lips... everything is to you. 2.
Receive
it then, and truly savour it in your being, because it comes from our sincere
heart, which beats with nothing but an intense love for the native land and a
true compassion for her in the oppression she suffers. 3.
Readily our ears can
hear your complaints; readily our eyes so often have the misfortune to see
your singular oppression and cruel hardship; immediately and spontaneously
there springs in our soul a great and exalted desire that you may rise up
from your prostration and rouse your hearts from their deep and restful
slumber, and thus bring to an end the heavy blows of pain and your woeful
tribulations. 4. Truly we also hoped, as
a great number of compatriots believed, that only mother 5.
What
else is to be expected and desired?
Over three hundred years suffering the heavy yoke of slavery, yet for
a long time we did nothing but beseech and ask them for just a little
consideration and a little mercy. And
then what answers were seen in response to our supplications and
pitifulness? None, except that we were
sent into exile or even to our deaths. 6. For seven years La
Solidaridad worked incessantly and exhausted its whole strength in order
that we might achieve some modest right to a human existence. And yet what was the result of the expended
time and effort? Promises, deceit,
scorn and bitter death…. 7. Now we are weary of raising our hands aloft in
constant supplication; now the cry of our mournful voice in constant
complaint is gradually ceasing; and now our breath has almost been taken away
from us by the cruelty of our suffering; we raise our bowed heads, accustomed
to being submissive, and drawing strength from our firm belief in true
reason, we can open the minds of our fellow countrymen and show them clearly
that the phrase Mother Spain is only a distraction and deceit that can be
compared to a rag wrapped around encumbering shackles; that there is no
mother and no child; that there is nothing else than a race that oppresses
and a race that is oppressed; a people that tirelessly enriches and satiates
itself and a people that is tired of deprivation and hunger. ____________________________________________ From this point onwards,
the Tagalog text has not been located.
The remainder of the editorial, as published in Spanish translation in
Retana’s Archivo, was many years ago translated in turn into English
by my father, Geoffrey Walter Richardson, and is as follows:- 8. Too well we know that this
must cause great misgivings and fears, must give rise to a cruel persecution
and all kinds of torments and sufferings for our compatriots there. But what do one, or five, or ten, or a
hundred, signify in comparison with a million brothers? We firmly believe, moreover, that these
abominations and vilenesses will come to us first from the arms of
collaborators, as was already predicted by the wisest, most noble and most
esteemed of the Tagalogs [José Rizal] when they notified him of the arrest of
those who were exiled: “Weep, I tell them - the son for the disgrace of the
father, the father for the disgrace of the son, the brother for the brother -
but he who loves the country where he was born, and considers what is
necessary to better it, should rejoice, because by this road alone can
freedom now be attained.” 9. And now that we have
shown our aim and purpose, we will not end these inadequate lines without
sharing your lamentations. We see the
truth, and in our hearts and breasts we have a great and deep desire that you
help us in the publication and propaganda of Kalayaan, above all
amongst the unfortunate people of the country, for the insults they suffer
are the cause and motive of this publication. 10. And if by chance they could
not use it for any greater purpose, may it at least serve as a cloth to wipe
the tears that fall from their eyes and the sweat that runs from their
humbled brows. Document B[16]
¡Katuiran din naman! 1. Narito’t aming ibabalita ang isang nangyaring dapat na isiping mahinahon
ng lahat ng tagalog. Ito’y isang bagay
na nakamamangha’t nakapupoot, at gayon ma’y siyang nangyayari sa araw-araw. 2. Sa kagabihan ng ikadalawangpuo’t apat na araw ng Diciembreng nagdaan, ang
teniente del barrio sa S. Francisco del Monte ay nasasabahay niya’t
humahatul sa hablahang nangyari sa dalawang babai. Anopa’t niyang kasalukuyang gumaganap ng
kaniyang katungkulan, dadating ang kura’t siya’y tinapatan sa bintana at
saba’y na tinungayaw ng katakut-takut, na sa kapangitang lubha ng mga sinabi
ay di namin maitala. 3. Datapua’t di nagkasiya ito sa galit o lupit niya, marahil, kaya’t
sunod-sunod na pinutukan ang teniente del barrio ng isang revolver
na dala sa kamay. Niyang makita nito,
na siya’y talagang papatayin, at naramdaman niyang sumayad sa noo niya ang
ikatlong putok, kaniyang sinibasud ang inagaw ang revolver at katulong ng mga
anak niya’t asawa kanilang ginapus, sapagka’t sa paraang ito lamang kanilang
mapipigilan ang sa among na kabangisan. 4. Sa ganitong anyo, sila’y inabutan ng mga hukom na galing sa
Maynila, at agad agad na dinakip ang buong kamaganakan at mga kaibigan ng
teniente del barrio, sampung bata’t matanda, babai’t lalaki. Ang cura’y tahimik na umui sa convento
ng kaniyang mga kasamahan sa Maynila. 5. Sa mga tanungan at usisaang nangyari ay lumitaw na ang isang babai ang
lumalabas na may sala sa hatulan ay kalunya ng among. (¡ !) 6. Tignan ngayon ng bayan ang kabaitan, kalinisan at kapakumbabaan ng mga
pinupoon niyang kahalili ng Dios. 7. At tignan din naman ang gawa ng nagaakay sa kaniya sa landas ng katuiran,
na ang maglilingko’y ipinagtatangol at pinapagdurusa ang nilulupig nito. At salamat kung ito’y sukat na; malapit na
mangyari, ayon sa mga alingawngaw at dating ugali, na ang teniente del
barrio at ang anak na babaing nito, na nag ngangalan ng Pia, ay itapun
ang isa sa ibang pulo, at ang isa sa iba; sapagka’t ito’y siyang kinakailangan
sa mga ayaw papatay sa ama ng kalulua. Madlangaway
Reason yet again! 1. We will tell news here
about an incident that all Tagalogs need to think about calmly. It is an astonishing and infuriating
matter, and yet such things happen every day. 2. On the evening of the
twenty-fourth of December last, the barrio lieutenant in San Francisco del
Monte was in his house adjudicating on a dispute between two women. Whilst he was thus engaged in his duty, the
parish priest arrived at the window and shouted some fearful profanities
mixed with harsh words that we cannot write.
3. But
then, seemingly unable to contain his anger or cruelty, he shot at the barrio
lieutenant with a revolver he had been carrying in his hand. Seeing this, and believing that he would
really be killed, and feeling the third shot graze his forehead, the barrio
lieutenant lunged forward, grabbed the revolver and with the help of his
children and wife tied the priest up, because this was the only way they
could stop the ferocious father. 4. At this moment, some
justices of the peace arrived from 5. As a result of questions
and investigations, it was discovered that the woman who was found to be at
fault in the dispute was the mistress of the master (¡!). 6. Now the people can see
the goodness, propriety and humility of the lords who are the representatives
of God. 7. And
also to be seen is a duty to lead the people on the path of reason, to
support and defend them and to punish whoever oppresses them. It would be good if this were all. But soon it will happen, according to
rumour and previous custom, that the barrio lieutenant and his daughter,
named Pia, will be deported, one to one island and one to another, because
this is what is deemed necessary for those who do not want to kill the
father of souls. Madlangaway
Document C[17]
Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan Panaho’y matamis sa
tinubuang Bayan at pawang panglugod ang balang matanauan[?], ang simoy sa parang ay panghatid buhay, tapat ang pagirog, sulit ang mamatay.[18] J. Rizal 1. Aling pagibig pa ang hihigit kaya sa pagkadalisay at pagkadakila ¿alin pagibig pa? wala na nga;
wala. 2. Ulitulitin mang basahin ng isip at isa-isahing talastasing pilit ang salita’t buhay na limbag
at titik ng sangtinakpan ito ang
mababatid. 3. ¡Banal na pagibig! pagikaw ang nukal sa tapat na puso ng sino't alin man, imbi’t taong gubat
maralita’t mangmang nagiging dakila at iginagalang. 4. Pagpupuring lubos ang palaging gawad ng taong mahal sa Bayan niyang liyag umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat kalakhan
din niya'y isinisiwalat. 5. Walang mahalagang hindi
inihandog ng
may pusong mahal sa Bayan niyang irog dugo,
yaman, dunong, katiisa’t pagod, buhay
ma’y abuting magkalagot-lagot. 6. ¿Bakit? ¿alin ito na sakdal
ng laki, na hinahandugan ng buong
pagkasi, na sa lalung mahal nakapangyayari at ginugugulan ng buhay na
iwi? 7. ¡Ah! ito’y ang inang Bayang tinubuan na siyang una’t tangi na
kinamulatan ng
kawiliwiling liwanag ng araw na nagbigay init sa lunong katawan. 8. Sa kaniya ay utang ang unang
paglangap ng simoy ng hanging nagbibigay lunas sa inis na puso na
sisingap-singap ng
pinakadustang kanyang mga anak. 9. Kalakip din nitong pagibig sa Bayan lahat ng lalung mahal[19] mula sa tuat aliw ng kasangulan hangang sa katawa’y mapasa
libingan. 10. Ang nangakaraang panahun ng
aliw ang inaasahang araw na
darating ng pagkatimawa ng mga alipin liban pa sa Bayan, ¿saan
tatanghalin? 11. At
ang balang kahuy at ang balang sanga ng
parang niya't gubat na kaaya-aya kung makita’y susagi sa alaala ang ina’t ang giliw, lumipas
na saya. 12. Tubig
niyang malinaw na anaki'y bubog bukal sa batisang nagkalat sa bundok malambot
na huni ng matuling agus nakaaaliw
din sa pusung may lungkot. 13. ¡Sa
aba ng mawalay sa tinubuang Bayan gunita
niya’y laging sakbibi ng lumbay walang
alaala’t inaasam-asam, kung di ang makita'y ang lupa niyang mahal. 14. Pati ng magdusa't sampung kamatayan wari ay masarap kung dahil sa Bayan; at lalung maghirap, ¡oh! himalang bagay! lalung pagirog pa ang sa kaniya'y alay.[20] 15. Kung
ang Bayang ito'y nasasapanganib at
kinakailangang siya’y ipagtankilik ang anak, asawa, magulang,
kapatid sa isang tawag niya’y tatalikdang pilit. 16. Dapua’t
kung ang Baya’y ang Katagalugan na
nilapastangan at niyuyurakan katuiran niya’t puri ng tagaibang Bayan, ng tunay na bangis ng hayop
sa parang,[21] 17. ¿Di gaano kaya ang paghihinagpis ng pusung tagalog sa puring na lait? at ¿aling kalooban na lalung
tahimik ang di pupukawin sa panghihimagsik? 18. ¿Saan magbubuhat ang panghihinayang[22] sa paghihiganti’t gumugol ng buhay, kung wala ding iba na kasasadlakan, kung di ang lumagi sa kaalipinan? 19. ¿Kung ang pagkabaun niya’t pagkalugmok sa lusak ng daya’t tunay na pagayop, supil ng panghampas tanikalang gapos, at luha na lamang ang pinaaagos? 20. Sa anyo niyang ito’y ¿sino ang tutungha’y na di aakayin sa gawang magdamdam? pusong
naglilipak sa pagkasukaban ang
hindi gumugol ng dugo at buhay. 21. ¿Mangyayari kaya, na ito’y malangap, at hindi lingapin ng tunay na anak, kung sa inang liig ay nasasayapak ng mga kastilang gumanti ng
hirap? 22. ¿Nasaan
ang dangal ng mga tagalog? ¿nasaan
ang dugong dapat na ibuhos? Baya'y
inaapi, ¿bakit di kumilos, at
natitilihang ito’y mapanood? 23. Hayo
na nga, kayo, kayong
nangabuhay sa
pagasang lubos ng kaginhawahan, at
walang tinamo kung di kapaitan, hayo
na’t ibigin ang naabang Bayan. 24. Kayong
natuyan na, sa kapapasakit ng
dakilang hangad sa batis ng dibdib, muling
pabalungin, tunay na pagibig kusang
ibulalas sa Bayang piniit. 25. Kayong
nalagasan ng bunga’t bulaklak, kahuy na sariwa, na nilanta’t sukat ng balabalaki’t makapal na hirap muling manariwa’t sa Baya'y lumiyag. 26. Kayo
mga pusong pilit inihapay ng
daya at bagsik ng ganid na asal, ngayon
ay magbangu’t nariyan ang Bayan, nariya’t
humihibik, mga anak siya’y antay. 27. Kayong
mga dukhang walang tanging palad, kung
di ang mabuhay sa dalita’t hirap, ampunin ang Bayan, kung nasa ay lunas, pagka’t ginhawa niya’y ginhawa ng lahat. 28. Datapua’t ibigin ng lubos na lubos sa lahat ng bagay itangi sa loob at sa kalakhan niya’y dapat na iubos ng malaking puso ang malaking linkod. A.B. |
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